Protocols



Carbohydrates
⇒ Color reactions of carbohydrates
⇒ Determination of amylose
⇒ Determination of fructose and inulin
⇒ Determination of glucose by glucose oxidase method
⇒ Determination of reducing sugars by Nelson-Somogyi method
⇒ Determination of total carbohydrates by anthrone method
⇒ Estimation of cellulose
⇒ Estimation of crude fiber 
⇒ Estimation of hemicelluloses
⇒ Estimation of pectic substances by:
⇒ Colorimetric method
⇒ Gravimetric method 
⇒ Estimation of reducing sugar by dinitrosalicylic acid method
⇒ Estimation of starch by anthrone reagent
⇒ Phenol suplhuric acid method for total carbohydrate

Lipids
⇒ Determination of iodine value of oil
⇒ Determination of peroxide value
⇒ Estimation of free fatty acids
⇒ Estimation of oil in oilseeds
⇒ Estimation of volatile acids
⇒ Identification of quantification of fatty acids
⇒ Saponification value

Amino Acids & Proteins
⇒ Ammonium sulphate fractionation of proteins
⇒ Determination of net protein utilization, digestibility and biological value
⇒ Electrophoresis of proteins in starch gels
⇒ Enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA)
⇒ Estimation of lysine
⇒ Estimation of methionine in food grains
⇒ Estimation of proline
⇒ Estimation of total free amino acids
⇒ Estimation of tryptophan
⇒ Fluorography of polyacrylamide gels
⇒ Identification of proteins
⇒ Immunodiffusion in agrose gels
⇒ In vitro translation assay
⇒ Isoelectric focusing
⇒ Mass Screening test for high-lysine grains
⇒ Nitrogen analysis by micro-Kjeldahl method
⇒ Polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis
⇒ Polyacrylamide-sodium dodecyl sulphate slab gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of proteins
⇒ Preparation S-30 extract for protein synthesis in vitro
⇒ Production of antiserum
⇒ Protein (Western) blotting
⇒ Protein digestibility in vitro
⇒ Protein efficiency and net protein ratio
⇒ Protein estimation – Bradford method
⇒ Protein estimation by Lowry’s method
⇒ Quantification of proteins in polyacrylamide gels
⇒ Rocket immunoelectrophoresis
⇒ Sample preparation for amino acids estimation
⇒ Silver staining of proteins

Enzymes
⇒ Acetyl cholinesterase
⇒ Aminotransferases
   i) Asparatate amino transferase 
   ii) Alanine aminotransferase 
⇒ Amylases
⇒ Ascorbic acid oxidase
⇒ Asparagine synthetase 
⇒ Catalase 
⇒ Cellulases (C1 and Cx)
   i)   Viscometric method
   ii)  Colorimetric method
   iii) Combined assay 
⇒ Glutamate dehydrogenase 
⇒ Glutamate synthase 
⇒ Glutamine synthetase 
⇒ Indole acetic acid oxidase
⇒ Isoenzyme analysis
   i)   Esterase
   ii)  Polyphenol oxidase (PPO)
   iii) Peroxidase
   iv) Acid phosphatase 
   v) Glutamine synthetase 
   vi) Phosphoenol pyruvate carboxylase (PEP Case)
   vii) Glutamate dehydrogenase
   viii) Indolylacetic acid oxidase 
   ix) Malate dehydrogenase 
   x) Sucrose synthase 
   xi) Aspartate aminotransferase
   xii) Glutamate synthase
⇒ Lipase
⇒ Malate dehydrogenase
⇒ Nitrate reductase 
⇒ Nitrite reductase 
⇒ Papain
⇒ Pectin methyl esterase 
⇒ Peroxidase
⇒ Phenylalanine ammonia lyase 
⇒ Phosphatases
   i)  Acid phosphatase
   ii) Assay using glycerophosphate
⇒ Phosphoenol pyruvate carboxylase 
⇒ Polygalacturonase activity
⇒ Polyphenol oxidase
⇒ Ribulose biphosphate carboxylase
⇒ Sucrose synthase

Nucleic Acids
⇒ Cultivation of lambda (l) phage
⇒ DNA electrophoresis in agarose gel
⇒ Estimation of DNA
⇒ Estimation of RNA
⇒ Extraction of lambda (l) DNA
⇒ Extraction of plant DNA
⇒ Extraction of plant total DNA (Rapid method)
⇒ Isolation of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
⇒ Isolation of messenger RNA by affinity chromatography
⇒ Isolation of plasmids
⇒ Isolation of ribonucleic acid
⇒ Rapid isolation of plasmid DNA (Miniscreen)
⇒ Recovery of DNA fragments from agarose gels
⇒ Restriction of DNA
⇒ Southern blotting

Vitamins
⇒ Ascorbic acid
   i)  Volumetric method
   ii) Colorimetric analysis
⇒ Niacin
⇒ Riboflavin
⇒ Thiamine


Pigments
⇒ Carotenes
⇒ Chlorophylls
⇒ Curcumin
⇒ Lycopene

Phenolics
⇒ Capsaicin
   i)  Colorimetric Method
   ii) Spectrophotometric Method
⇒ Chlorogenic acid
⇒ Lignins
⇒ Phenols
⇒ Tannins
   i)  Folin-Denis Method
   ii) Vanillin Hydrochloride Method

Antinutritional Factors
⇒ Cyanogens
⇒ Gossypol
⇒ Phytic acid
⇒ Trypsin inhibitor

Plant Hormones
⇒ Ethylene
⇒ Indoleacetic acid

Nitrogen Fixation
⇒ Allantoin and Allantoic acid
⇒ Hydrogen evolution
⇒ Leghaemoglobin
⇒ Nitrogenase

Separation Procedures
⇒ Analysis of aflatoxins
⇒ Column chromatography
⇒ Paper Chromatography
⇒ Thin layer chromatography

Cell Fractionation
⇒ Fractionation of cellular components
⇒ Isolation of chloroplasts
⇒ Isolation of mitochondria