Protocols



Carbohydrates
 Color reactions of carbohydrates
 Determination of amylose
 Determination of fructose and inulin
 Determination of glucose by glucose oxidase method
 Determination of reducing sugars by Nelson-Somogyi method
 Determination of total carbohydrates by anthrone method
 Estimation of cellulose
 Estimation of crude fiber 
 Estimation of hemicelluloses
 Estimation of pectic substances by:
 Colorimetric method
 Gravimetric method 
 Estimation of reducing sugar by dinitrosalicylic acid method
 Estimation of starch by anthrone reagent
 Phenol suplhuric acid method for total carbohydrate

Lipids
 Determination of iodine value of oil
 Determination of peroxide value
 Estimation of free fatty acids
 Estimation of oil in oilseeds
 Estimation of volatile acids
 Identification of quantification of fatty acids
 Saponification value

Amino Acids & Proteins
 Ammonium sulphate fractionation of proteins
 Determination of net protein utilization, digestibility and biological value
 Electrophoresis of proteins in starch gels
 Enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA)
 Estimation of lysine
 Estimation of methionine in food grains
 Estimation of proline
 Estimation of total free amino acids
 Estimation of tryptophan
 Fluorography of polyacrylamide gels
 Identification of proteins
 Immunodiffusion in agrose gels
 In vitro translation assay
 Isoelectric focusing
 Mass Screening test for high-lysine grains
 Nitrogen analysis by micro-Kjeldahl method
 Polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis
 Polyacrylamide-sodium dodecyl sulphate slab gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of proteins
 Preparation S-30 extract for protein synthesis in vitro
 Production of antiserum
 Protein (Western) blotting
 Protein digestibility in vitro
 Protein efficiency and net protein ratio
 Protein estimation – Bradford method
 Protein estimation by Lowry’s method
 Quantification of proteins in polyacrylamide gels
 Rocket immunoelectrophoresis
 Sample preparation for amino acids estimation
 Silver staining of proteins

Enzymes
⇒ Acetyl cholinesterase
⇒ Aminotransferases
   i) Asparatate amino transferase 
   ii) Alanine aminotransferase 
⇒ Amylases
⇒ Ascorbic acid oxidase
⇒ Asparagine synthetase 
⇒ Catalase 
⇒ Cellulases (C1 and Cx)
   i)   Viscometric method
   ii)  Colorimetric method
   iii) Combined assay 
⇒ Glutamate dehydrogenase 
⇒ Glutamate synthase 
⇒ Glutamine synthetase 
⇒ Indole acetic acid oxidase
⇒ Isoenzyme analysis
   i)   Esterase
   ii)  Polyphenol oxidase (PPO)
   iii) Peroxidase
   iv) Acid phosphatase 
   v) Glutamine synthetase 
   vi) Phosphoenol pyruvate carboxylase (PEP Case)
   vii) Glutamate dehydrogenase
   viii) Indolylacetic acid oxidase 
   ix) Malate dehydrogenase 
   x) Sucrose synthase 
   xi) Aspartate aminotransferase
   xii) Glutamate synthase
⇒ Lipase
⇒ Malate dehydrogenase
⇒ Nitrate reductase 
⇒ Nitrite reductase 
⇒ Papain
⇒ Pectin methyl esterase 
⇒ Peroxidase
⇒ Phenylalanine ammonia lyase 
⇒ Phosphatases
   i)  Acid phosphatase
   ii) Assay using glycerophosphate
 Phosphoenol pyruvate carboxylase 
 Polygalacturonase activity
⇒ Polyphenol oxidase
⇒ Ribulose biphosphate carboxylase
 Sucrose synthase

Nucleic Acids
 Cultivation of lambda (l) phage
 DNA electrophoresis in agarose gel
 Estimation of DNA
 Estimation of RNA
 Extraction of lambda (l) DNA
 Extraction of plant DNA
 Extraction of plant total DNA (Rapid method)
 Isolation of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
 Isolation of messenger RNA by affinity chromatography
 Isolation of plasmids
 Isolation of ribonucleic acid
 Rapid isolation of plasmid DNA (Miniscreen)
 Recovery of DNA fragments from agarose gels
 Restriction of DNA
 Southern blotting

Vitamins
⇒ Ascorbic acid
   i)  Volumetric method
   ii) Colorimetric analysis
⇒ Niacin
⇒ Riboflavin
⇒ Thiamine


Pigments
⇒ Carotenes
⇒ Chlorophylls
⇒ Curcumin
⇒ Lycopene

Phenolics
⇒ Capsaicin
   i)  Colorimetric Method
   ii) Spectrophotometric Method
 Chlorogenic acid
⇒ Lignins
⇒ Phenols
⇒ Tannins
   i)  Folin-Denis Method
   ii) Vanillin Hydrochloride Method

Antinutritional Factors
⇒ Cyanogens
⇒ Gossypol
⇒ Phytic acid
⇒ Trypsin inhibitor

Plant Hormones
⇒ Ethylene
⇒ Indoleacetic acid

Nitrogen Fixation
 Allantoin and Allantoic acid
⇒ Hydrogen evolution
 Leghaemoglobin
⇒ Nitrogenase

Separation Procedures
⇒ Analysis of aflatoxins
⇒ Column chromatography
⇒ Paper Chromatography
⇒ Thin layer chromatography

Cell Fractionation
⇒ Fractionation of cellular components
 Isolation of chloroplasts
⇒ Isolation of mitochondria